[4] Taronto referred to "The Narrows", a channel of water through which Lake Simcoe discharges into Lake Couchiching. One trail, known as the "Toronto Passage", followed the Humber River northward as an important overland shortcut between Lake Ontario and the upper Great Lakes. Sheriff William Jarvis took over the meeting and interrupted Mayor Mackenzie "to propose to the Meeting a vote of censure on his conduct as Mayor." The blast, powerful enough to perforate eardrums and hemorrhage the lungs of some American soldiers massed outside the Fort was said to have rattled windows 50 kilometres across the lake in Niagara. Following his admission, Ford refused to resign, but the city council voted to hand over certain mayoral powers and office staff to Deputy Mayor Norm Kelly for the remainder of Ford's term. Thousands of Black Americans who escaped slavery settled in Toronto before the American Civil War. Beginning as a tailor in a small town, he moved to Toronto and soon developed a chain of department stores. Much of Castle Frank Brook became covered during this time. The Exhibition Place was taken over for military training and deployment. The Seneca (one of the five Haudenosaunee nations), established two settlements in present-day Toronto, Teiaiagon, near the Humber River, and Ganatsekwyagon near the Rouge River. [15] The population loss, along with the desire to secure furs for trade, saw the Haudenosaunee Confederacy to the south invade the area and attack the Huron-Wendat Confederacy. In the decades after the war, tensions between the colony's conservative elite, the Family Compact and the democratic Reformers grew and culminated in the Rebellions of 1837-1838. A group of local citizens thought then was as good a time as any to re-brand the community. On April 27 th 1813 in York, Ontario, now present-day Toronto, 2,700 Americans stormed Fort York, defeating the 750 British and Ojibwa Indians defending what was at the time the capitol of Upper Canada. As the Humber carried south the water of countless creeks and streams, it also brought the Toronto name to the Lake Ontario shore. [20] The trading post was built to divert First Nations traders from British trading posts to the south of Toronto. His support was based on voters in the former suburbs, with the exception of East York; there, Ford remained highly unpopular with local residents, who at one point during East York's 2014 Canada Day parade, heckled him so mercilessly that he abandoned the parade halfway through its route and left the neighbourhood. eventually to be called Upper Canada. [6], In the second half of the 19th century, Toronto grew into an important regional centre, linked to the rest of Ontario by a growing railway network and American and British markets by its port. [13], Several Iroquoian villages dating back to the 1200s have been excavated in Toronto, including an ossuary in Scarborough. Prior to the Iroquois inhabitation of the Toronto region, the Wyandot (Huron) people inhabited the region, later moving north to the area around Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. The river became known as Rivire Taronto as the canoe route became more popular with French explorers, and by the 1750s, a fort to the east of the delta on Lake Ontario was named Fort Toronto by the French. By the latter half of the 20th century, refugees and immigrants from many other parts of the world were the major source of immigration. [27] A townsite was surveyed in 1788 by Captain Gother Mann, and laid out in a gridiron, with government and military buildings around a central square. A new Toronto City Hall was opened; the Eaton Centre shopping and office complex; four new bank towers were built at the intersection of Bay and King Streets, the "MINT corners" and new towers along University Avenue. [9] In 1680, it appeared as Lac de Taronto on a map created by French court official Abb Claude Bernou. Last Edited. These led from northern and western Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. The second incursion occurred several months later, on 31 July. They decided to build a super-tall massive television and radio tower (the CN Tower), which was completed in 1976 on the railway lands south of downtown. After the War of 1812 and into the 1820s, both Canada and Britain experienced a depression. TORONTO THE GOOD is a title referencing the city's strict moral code in the 19th century.THE MEGACITY came on the heels of the amalgamation of the cities and boroughs in 1998 that made up Metropolitan Toronto.. What did Toronto used to be called in 1812? Large areas, deemed "slums", were cleared. The origin of the nickname lies in the hog-processing industry located there in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [13] Early on, First Nations communities had developed trails and water routes in the Toronto area. By 1995, Toronto controlled 48% of Canada's financial assets and 44% of the non-financial corporate assets, compared to 28% and 22% by Montreal.[63]. The loss of many of the old buildings in the downtown saw a new interest among Toronto's citizens to preserve heritage buildings and the City of Toronto began designating buildings to prevent their demolition. The protests were met with one of the most expensive temporary security operations seen in Canada and resulted in the largest mass arrests in Canadian history.[76]. [57], The provincial government created the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, a metropolitan government that incorporated numerous local municipalities in 1954. The Canadian government formed independent agencies to manage the Toronto International Airport and the Toronto Harbour; the latter particular controversial to Toronto as Toronto City Council wanted to take over the harbour as part of waterfront revitalization efforts. The Ontario government transferred a section of the Queen Elizabeth Way to the Metro Gardiner Expressway, cancelled the Eglinton subway line and trimmed transit, housing and welfare subsidies. [12] The town changed its name back to Toronto when it was incorporated into a city. It has been argued that these immigrants' attitudes laid the foundation for Southern Ontario's (and by extension Toronto's) existing pluralistic and politically moderate culture.[24]. The April 7, 1849 Cathedral Fire destroyed the "Market Block" north of Market Square and St. Lawrence Market, as well as the first St. James' Cathedral and a portion of Toronto's first City Hall. This along with the newly constructed Princess of Wales Theatre and the venerable Royal Alexandra Theatre now form the heart of the theatre district. The Seneca-Mohawk villages of Teiaiagon and Ganatsekwyagon (precise English spellings vary) were within today's city limits at the mouths of the Humber and Rouge rivers respectively. They were dissolved by an act of the Government of Ontario, and formed into a single-tier City of Toronto (colloquially dubbed the "megacity") replacing all six governments. A garrison was established at Garrison Creek, on the western entrance to the docks of Toronto Harbour, in 1793; this later became Fort York. A New Province The solution arrived at was the division of Quebec. In 1998, the Province of Ontario amalgamated the metropolitan governments and its suburbs into one unified municipality. The settlement it defended was renamed York on August 26, 1793, as Simcoe favoured English names over those of First Nations languages,[2] in honour of Prince Frederick, Duke of York. The word, Anglicized from Mohawk, was spelled tkaronto and taronto and. The word, Anglicized from Mohawk, was spelled tkaronto and taronto and used to describe an area where trees grow in shallow water. By Darrel Pratt February 3, 2023 In Toronto King, George, Frederick, and Princess Streets still have their old names. The Americans attacked the village and garrison during the War of 1812. In 1873, GTR built a second Union Station at the same location.[41]. ", "Toronto's mayors: Scoundrels, rogues and socialists", "Deputy Mayor Norm Kelly says calm has returned to city hall", "Open-source politics breathe fresh air into the Big Smoke", "Why, Toronto, you don't look a day over 174", "London trumps Toronto as centre of Facebook universe", "The real story of how Toronto got its name", "Canada, Provinces & Territories: The naming of their capital cities", "Toronto is often described as la Ville-Reine (the Queen City) by announcers on Radio-Canada", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Name_of_Toronto&oldid=1154650685, "Hogtown", said to be related to the livestock that was processed in Toronto, largely by the city's largest pork processor and packer, the, "Queen City", a reference now most commonly used by, "The City That Works", first mentioned in a, "The Six" (also written as "The 6" or "The 6ix") and popularized in 2015 by Toronto-born musician. Over 100 were installed that year, in time for author Charles Dickens' visit in May 1842. [82] Toronto hosted WorldPride in June 2014,[83] and the Pan American Games in 2015. Confusion about the name of location may also be attributed to the succession of First Nations peoples who lived in the area, including the Neutral, Seneca, Mohawk, Cayuga and Wendat nations. The Erie Canal (completed in 1825), along with its extension to Oswego (1828), connected southern Ontario to New York City, transforming Toronto into the main centre for the import-export and local distribution of goods, thus bypassing Montreal and the St. Lawrence. As the portage route grew in use, the name became more widely used and was eventually attached to a French trading fort just inland from Lake Ontario on the Humber.[10]. The changing high-rise downtown core provided visual evidence of growth. The most vocal opponents were John Willson, and Mr. Jarvis and Mr. Bidwell. [34], The third incursion at York occurred a year later, in August 1814. [32], Peter Russell was named administrator by Simcoe. [13], As the climate warmed in 6,000 BCE, the environment of Toronto shifted from subarctic to a temperate continental climate. Some of the causes were similar, rooted in the governing structure imposed by the 1791 constitution, while other causes developed from each colony's particular character. These changes would lead to budget crises for the Toronto government of the 2000s. The large growth in the Toronto metropolitan area is attributed to international migration to Toronto. New rail transportation networks were built in Toronto, including an extensive streetcar network in the city (still operational), plus long-distance railways and radial lines. Between 1799 and 1800, a road was constructed east of Toronto to the mouth of the Trent River by Asa Danforth. [13] By 500 CE, up to 500 people lived along each of the three major rivers of Toronto (Don, Humber, and Rouge River). [26] After surveying the land, the Mississaugas objected to the purchase and it was declared invalid. Political unrest developed in both Upper and Lower Canada soon after the War of 1812. Residents petitioned to change the name back to Toronto, and in 1834 the city was incorporated with its original name. [13] Many of their archaeological remains lie in present-day Lake Ontario, with the historic coastline of Lake Iroquois situated 20 kilometres (12mi) south of Toronto during this period. Around the downtown core, which had been dominated by railway lands since the 1850s, new land uses were found for the railway lands. Indigeneity, settler colonialism, and historical memory in Canada's largest city, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Toronto&oldid=1154827822, This page was last edited on 14 May 2023, at 22:33. In both colonies, effective government was in the hands of the lieutenant governor and an oligarchy that dominated the legislative and . The town was retaken by the British when the Americans departed for their original position further down the shore. The gigantic explosion that tore through the fort as the gunpowder ignited killed 38 soldiers, including American leader Zebulon M. Pike, and wounded 222 more. The ethnic diversity grew and saw the development of enclaves such as Little Italy, Little Portugal and two new Chinatowns. Mackenzie decided to take the matter directly to the citizens and called a public meeting at the Market Square on July 29, 1834 "for six, that being the hour at which the Mechanicks and labouring classes can most conveniently attend without breaking on a day's labour." A period of rebuilding followed. The large natural harbour of 1793 was defended with the construction of a garrison, later to be known as Fort York, guarding the entrance on what was then a high point on the water's edge, with a small river on the inland side (Garrison Creek). [13] Iroquoian villages during this period were located on high, fortified grounds, with access to wetlands and waterways to facilitate hunting, fishing, trade, and military operations. I just see myself in a pot of boiling water with all these natives dancing around me."[73]. Read More These along with the Manulife Financial Corporation, Sun Life Financial Inc. and Toronto Stock Exchange form the financial district, the financial heart of Canada. Before abandoning their garrison, the British set light to their artillery storage area and a ship, the HMS Sir Isaac Brock, under construction at the docks. October 31, 2018. They lost interest in Ireland after the establishment of Northern Ireland and the Orange influence faded after 1940. [21] The completion of Fort Oswego in 1726 led the French to abandon their first trading post in Toronto.[21]. European settlement in the western half of the colony of Quebec was limited before 1775, amounting to only a few families in the area. American forces did not attempt a landing during this incursion, although remained outside the town's harbour for the following three days before departing. To differentiate from York in England and New York City, the town was known as "Little York". It sat empty for a while over disagreements between government and the rail companies. The introduction of these crops saw large societal shifts in the area; including a change in diet, and the formation of semi-permanent villages, in order to farm these crops. [67] This only delayed the bill's inevitable passage, given the PCO's majority. In the October 1834 provincial elections, Mackenzie was overwhelmingly elected in the second riding of York; Sheriff William Jarvis, running in the city of Toronto, lost to reformer James Edward Small by the slim margin of 252 to 260 votes. [14], Although Europeans did not visit Southern Ontario in the 16th century, European goods had begun to make its way into the region as early as the late-1500s. Upper Canada was a wilderness society settled largely by Loyalists and land-hungry farmers moving north from the United States. Toronto hosted the G20 summit on June 2627, 2010, but it was not without protests. [39] The epidemic also killed the first Bishop of Toronto, Michael Power, while providing care and ministering to Irish immigrants fleeing the Great Famine. The only commercial enterprises were mills: two on the Humber River and two on Etobicoke Creek. The Province of Ontario formed a regional government, Metropolitan Toronto, encompassing Toronto and its suburbs in 1954. [6] After 1650, and the destruction of Fort Sainte Marie, the Hurons left the region.[7]. The word is likely derived from the Mohawk word tkaronto meaning "where there are trees standing in the water", which originally referred to The Narrows, near present-day Orillia. The settlement was renamed when Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe called for the town to be named after the Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. An American squadron originally planned to attack British forces at Burlington Heights, although opted to raid York after finding the British at the Heights too well-entrenched. Murray Nicholson, "The Growth of Roman Catholic Institutions in the Archdiocese of Toronto, 1841-90", in Terrence Murphy and Gerald Stortz, eds. The large numbers of new Canadians helped Toronto's population swell to over one million by 1951, and double again to over two million, by 1971. Barnes, Alan (1999-01-16). [22] In 1760, Robert Rogers, with an armed force of two hundred men and a flotilla of fifteen whaleboats came to secure the Toronto area for the British. In addition to the Battle of York, two other American incursions occurred in the town during the war. The situation was resolved when the Ontario government tabled back-to-work legislation to end the strike, and the city was back to normal before the start of World Youth Day. [15], By the 18th century, Toronto became an important location for French fur traders, given its proximity to the Toronto Passage. The Council was petitioned to rename the city Toronto during its incorporation, and on March 1, 1834, debated the issue. The town changed its name back to Toronto when it was incorporated into a What Did Toronto Used To Be Called In 1812? [59], The new "urban renewal" movement made its influence felt in Toronto. Most dramatically, they intermarried with Protestants at an unprecedented rate. In 1804, settler Angus MacDonald petitioned the Parliament of Upper Canada to restore the original name of the area, but this was rejected. By this time, it was already the largest city in Upper Canada, growing greatly in the late 1820s and early 1830s following the slow growth from its founding in the 1790s. One radial line ran mostly along Yonge Street for about 80km to Lake Simcoe, and allowed day trips to its beaches. At first, Dorchester suggested opening the new Canada West as districts under the Quebec government, but the British Government made known its intention to split Canada into Upper and Lower Canada. [5] Today, the area is partially surrounded by trees along the water's edge with the rest with marinas and location of the historic Mnjikaning Fish Weirs. In early 2003, Toronto was affected by the SARS epidemic. To differentiate from York in England and New York City, the town was known as "Little York". New crops, including corn, sunflowers, and tobacco, were introduced into the area from the south around 600 CE. In the second half of the 20th century, Toronto surpassed Montreal as Canada's largest city and became the economic capital of Canada and one of the most multicultural cities in the world. First Nations fishing camps were established around the waterways of Toronto as early as 1,000 BCE. The town was incorporated on March 6, 1834, reverting to the name of "Toronto" to distinguish it from New York City, as well as about a dozen other localities named 'York' in the province (including York County in which Toronto was situated), and to disassociate itself from the negative connotation of dirty Little York,[36] a common nickname for the town by its residents. After World War II, a continuous influx of newcomers from around the world and Canadians from Atlantic Canada contributed to the growth of Toronto. The town of Dublin, renamed York by Simcoe for Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, the second son of then-King George III, developed on the waterfront to the east of the military base. The Toronto Film Festival, established in 1976, has become after Cannes, the most important in the world. Following the Last Glacial Period, Toronto's waterfront shifted with the growth, and later contraction of glacial Lake Iroquois. North York mayor Mel Lastman became the first "megacity" mayor, and the 62nd Mayor of Toronto, with his electoral victory. South of King Street, west of University Avenue, more railway and warehouse lands were converted, seeing the opening of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre, a new CBC English-language headquarters; Roy Thomson Hall concert hall and the Princess of Wales Theatre. A planned "Esplanade" land-fill project to create a promenade along the harbour, instead became a new right-of-way for the rail lines, which extended to new wharves on the harbour. Toronto Hydro estimated 450,000 people were without power after the storm and Toronto Pearson International Airport reported 126mm (5in) of rain had fallen over five hours, more than during Hurricane Hazel. Cultural institutions including the Art Gallery of Ontario and the Royal Ontario Museum have had their buildings renovated. At the time, Toronto's own beaches were far too polluted to use, largely a side effect of dumping garbage directly in the lake. His mission was to solve the problems of the newly landed Loyalists. The experiment in social housing would improve the number of affordable units available, at the expense of a large increase in the budgets of Metro and Toronto to maintain the buildings. Though Americans managed to capture Fort York and forced the British . [3] The French set up trading posts in the area, including Fort Rouill in 1751, which they abandoned as the British conquered French North America in the Seven Years' War. Finally, in 1812, the first recipe for tomato-based ketchup debuted. [15] The two communities provided the Haudenosaunee control of the northsouth passage in Toronto. New skyscrapers included, the Royal Trust Tower, 1969, First Canadian Place, 1975, the CN Tower, 1975, Royal Bank Plaza, South Tower, 1977, the First Bank Tower, 1979, Scotia Plaza, 1988, the SkyDome, 1989, the BCE PlaceCanada Trust Tower, 1990 and the Bay Wellington Tower, 1990. The name Toronto, then recognized as an alternative name for the region, was favoured over York partly because the original York in England was considered so grim. The War Needs Re-Branding "The War of 1812" is an easy handle for students who struggle with dates. [32] Due to ill health, Simcoe returned to England in July 1796 on leave but did not return and he gave up his position in 1799. Critics found proprietary schools lacking especially for their failure to offer sufficient instruction in the basic sciences. The first church of what was to become today's St. James Cathedral was built in 1807. In 1879, the first Toronto Industrial Exhibition was held. During the Typhus epidemic of 1847, 863 Irish immigrants died of typhus at fever sheds built at the Toronto Hospital at the northwest corner of King Street and John Street. A crushing defeat for the British in the War of 1812, the sacking of York began on the morning of 27 April 1813.At dawn, a flotilla of 16 American ships under Commodore Isaac Chauncey made its way to the capital of Upper Canada, York [Toronto]. However, the location on this map is east of Lake Nipissing and northwest of Montreal in what is now Quebec. The Americans attacked the village and garrison during the War of 1812. Simcoe is recorded as both disliking aboriginal names and disliking Dorchester. The word Toronto was recorded with various spellings in French and English, including Tarento, Tarontha, Taronto, Toranto, Torento, Toronto, and Toronton. 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Two other American incursions occurred in the Toronto metropolitan area is attributed to international migration to Toronto and suburbs!, first Nations fishing camps were established around the waterways of Toronto as early 1,000... 6 ] after surveying the land, the third incursion at York occurred a year,. The nameToronto was first applied to a temperate continental climate Peter Russell was named administrator by Simcoe enterprises. Failure to offer sufficient instruction in the basic sciences for military training and deployment is Quebec! Taken over for military training and deployment they intermarried with Protestants at an unprecedented rate however, the incursion.
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